Breaking cultural barriers to achieve sanitation for all in Namibia

In many parts of rural Namibia, deeply rooted socio-cultural norms continue to hinder the success of sanitation initiatives. Indeed, sanitation is entwined with tradition. Toilets are often constructed but remain unused; open defecation persists, and preventable diseases linked to poor hygiene spread easily. This is not merely an issue of poverty or affordability — it is also an issue of beliefs and behaviour.

As a nation, we must acknowledge that simply building toilets is not enough. The provision of sanitation infrastructure alone cannot solve what is fundamentally a cultural and behavioural challenge.

Among certain ethnic groups in Namibia, using a toilet — or being seen doing so — is considered highly inappropriate. Some men regard sharing a toilet with their wives or children as disrespectful or taboo. These beliefs, passed down through generations, are seldom questioned but have a profound impact on sanitation outcomes.

To overcome these barriers, we need national conversations that challenge harmful norms and reframe sanitation as a source of pride rather than shame. Cultural beliefs should not be attacked or dismissed — they are an essential part of our identity. However, when those beliefs lead to harm, we all share a responsibility to re-examine and adapt them. Respectful engagement is the key to moving forward.

Namibia possesses the political will, the resources, and the potential to lead Africa in this transformation. But we must go beyond bricks and mortar and focus on winning hearts and minds. Change must begin at the grassroots. Awareness efforts should go beyond lectures or generic campaigns — they should include genuine, respectful dialogue within communities. The voices of traditional leaders, elders, and spiritual figures must take centre stage.

At the same time, we must equip our youth with the knowledge and confidence to challenge outdated norms. Sanitation should be introduced as a formal subject in schools, just like Agriculture, Accounting, or Physical Science. Schools can serve as demonstration centres where clean, safe, and gender-sensitive sanitation is both practised and normalised. Imagine generations of young Namibians growing up not only knowing how to use a toilet but understanding why it matters — and taking pride in that knowledge. This is how we sow the seeds of long-term societal change.

As the saying goes, “When you empower a woman, you empower the whole nation.” Women and girls must be placed at the centre of the sanitation conversation. Their leadership can foster solutions that are inclusive, practical, and more likely to succeed, since they are often the most affected by poor sanitation.

Storytelling, drama, and culturally rooted media campaigns can also help shift mindsets. Imagine a radio drama in your local language, where relatable characters confront the consequences of poor sanitation and adopt better practices. These are the kinds of tools that can create change without disrespecting cultural identity.

Ultimately, sanitation is not just about toilets — it is about transforming mindsets, behaviours, and communities. The health and future of our nation depend on it. By building understanding alongside infrastructure, Namibia can break the cultural chains that hinder sanitation and move toward a healthier, safer, and more dignified future for all.

• Wayambekange N. Hamufenhu is Pan-African Sanitation Advocate and Inspire Fellow Alumna, writing in her capacity as a Namibian.